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слово ТАВР - семитского происхождения -
Semitic etymology :
Meaning bull Query method Match substring
Proto-Semitic: *paw(V)p-
Meaning: 'bull's bladder'
Arabic: fawf-
Proto-Semitic: *t_awr-
Meaning: bull, ox
Akkadian: šūru 'bull' Ur III on [CAD š3 369], [AHw. 1287]. A rare term poetic word found in the OB hymn to Adad (šūr šamāʔī 'bull the heavens', CT 15 4 II 3) as well as in Sennaherib inscription OIP 2 45 V 87 (kīma šūrī maru^ti ša nadu^ šummannu 'like fattened bulls which were tethered'). In lexical lists equated to alpu. Ur III attestations are in proper names only.
Eblaitic: šu-lum = GU4.TUR [MEE 4 1386]. Normalized as /t_ō/ūrum/ in [Kreb. 24], rendered as 'Jung(-Stier)' [ibid.], 'toro' in [Sanmartín 210]. The reading ḫum for the second sign proposed by the publisher is not correct.
Ugaritic: t_r 'toro' [DLU 505]. A widely used literary term, also in the fixed expression t_r ʔil 'Ilu the Bull' (cf. hm yd ʔil mlk yḫssk // ʔahbt t_r tʕrrk 'does the love of Ilu the king arouse you? // the love of the Bull excite you?' in 1.4 IV 39). In 1.15 IV 6,8 and 1.15 IV 17,19 t_. appear (together with t_̣by 'deer') as a social designa- tion (cf. [Miller 178]).
Hebrew: šōr 'one single beast, bovid' [KB 1451], pB. [Ja. 1541]. As pointed out in [Péter 492-3], š. is used to denote a single animal (in opposition to the collective bāḳār) without any special stress on gender or sex. As all nomina unitatis, šōr is not used in the plural (šǝwārīm in Hos 12.12 is highly unu- sual and is probably due to text corruption, cf. [Péter 494]).
Aramaic: Sml. šwrh 'cow' [HJ 1118]. In KAI 215:6 (šʔh wšwrh wḥṭh wšʕrh) and the parallel passage ibid. 9. The interpretation of šʔh and šwrh as 'ewe' and 'cow' proposed in [HJ] and recently supported in [Tropper Zincirli 110] is certainly preferable to their identification with some kinds of cereals suggested in [KAI 223, 226]. Anc. swr, šwrh 'ox, bull; cow' [HJ 1118]. The form swr is found in Tell-Fakhariyye 20 (wmʔh swr lhynḳn ʕgl wʔl yrwy 'hundred cows will suckle a calf, but he will not be sated', paralleled by Akk. 1 ME GU4.ÁB, cf. [STF 66]). The form šwrh occurrs in KAI 222 A:23 и B:1 (wšbʕ šwrh yhynḳn ʕgl wʔl yšbʕ 'seven cows will suckle a calf, but he will not be sated', v. [Fitzmyer 80-1]) and in Bukan 5 (in a similar context, v. [Sokoloff Bukan 107]). Off. twr 'bull, ox' [HJ 1118]. In Frah VII 2 (twrʔ, twlʔ = gai), v. [Nyberg 69]. Plm. twr 'bull, ox' [HJ 1118], 'bull, ox (divine title ?); beef' [PAT 418]. Dem. twr 'bovine' [HJ 1266].
Biblical Aramaic: tōr 'ox, bull' [KB 2005]. In Da 4.22,29,30 и 5.21 (ʕisbā kǝtōrīn lāk yǝṭaʕămūn 'they will feed you with grass like oxen' and similar) and Ezr 6.9,17 and 7.17 (among sacrificial animals).
Judaic Aramaic: tōrā 'ox' [Ja. 1656], twr 'ox, cow' [Sok. 578], twrh (det. twrth) 'cow' [ibid. 578], br twryn 'heifer' [ibid. 101], brt twryn 'female offspring of cattle' [ibid. 112]. Sam. twr 'ox', twrh 'cow' [Tal 945] (šwr 'ox' [ibid. 884] must be a Hebraism).
Syrian Aramaic: tawrā 'taurus', tōrǝtā 'vacca, bos femina' [Brock. 819], [PS 4412].
Mandaic Aramaic: taura 'bull, ox' [DM 478].
Arabic: t_awr- 'taureau; chef, mai^tre', t_awrat- 'vache' [BK 1 242], [Fr. I 234], [Lane 364], [LA IV 111] (v. [Hommel 224ff.]).
Epigraphic South Arabian: Sab. t_wr, t_r 'bull; bull-satuette' [SD 152]. Qat. t_wr 'steer, bull' [Ricks 179]. Min. t_wr 'taureau' [LM 99]. All ESA passages are discussed in [Sima 146-158]. The use of t_wr in the compound divine name t_wr bʕlm is interesting in view of the Ugr. evidence above (note that according to Sima the tra- ditional interpretation of t_wr bʕlm as "Bull of the Arable Lands" is hardly correct).
Geʕez (Ethiopian): sor, s^or 'ox, bull' [LGz. 511], sǝwār 'fat ox' [ibid.]. The star name sawr 'Taurus' [ibid. 521] is an obvious Arabism (the same is true about Amh. säwr 'Taurus (zodiac)' [K 571]).
Tigre: sor 'ox' [LH 193].
Tigrai (Tigriñña): sor 'castrato di capre' [Bass. 176]. With a meaning shift 'castrated bull' > 'castrated goat'.
Mehri: t_awr 'bull' [JM 419].
Harsusi: t_awer 'bull' [JH 133].
Notes: [Fron. 30]: *t_awr- 'toro' (Gez., ESA, Arb., Syr., Hbr., Ugr., Akk.); [LGz. 511]: Gez., Arb., Akk., Hbr., Arm., Ugr., ESA; [KB 1451]: Hbr., Arm., Arb., Akk., Ugr., ESA, Gez., Tgr., Tna.; [Firmage 1152]: Akk., Hbr., Ugr., Arm., Gez., Arb.; [DLU 505]: Ugr., Hbr., Arb., Ebl., Akk.; [Hommel 224]: *t_awr- 'Stier' (Arb., Gez., Sab., Hbr., Arm., Akk.).
Proto-Semitic: *ṣiwār-
Meaning: 'flock (of wild kine or bulls)'
Arabic: ṣiwār-, ṣuwār-, ṣiyār
Proto-Semitic: *ʔi/arw-ān- ˜ *ʔawr-
Meaning: 'calf, bull'
Syrian Aramaic: ʔarwānā (pl. ʔarwānītā) 'vitulus, vitula' [Brock. 47], [PS 372]
Arabic: ʔirān- 'oryx ma^le' [Blachère 89], [LA XIII 14]. В [Fr. I 29] только šātu ʔirānin 'taurus'
Amharic: awra 'male (animal), dominant or alpha male; queen bee; bull' [K 1267]
Gurage: irǝččä, ǝri, ire (S), ǝrǝččä (W), äre (Ms,Ch,E), ärä̆ (Ch), äray (E,Gt), areʔ (En,Ed) 'cows' LGur 82
Proto-Semitic: *(ʔV-)baʔ-at-
Meaning: 'cow, (young) bull'
Akkadian: ub/pātum `dicke (= trächtige?) Kuh' (fat cow [= big with a calf?]) OB; u. < ebu^; AHw., p.1400
East Ethiopic: Zway bāt 'young bull' LGur 162
Proto-Semitic: *diry-/*ʔaddar-
Meaning: 'humped bull; dwarf-antelope'
Akkadian: dudrū 'sorte de mouton' DRS
Arabic: ? diryānat- 'espèce de taureau pourvu d'une bosse' BK 1 694
Tigre: pl. ʔaddarit, sing. ʕätro, pl. ʕaṭärri; also ʕaṭro, ʔäṭro 'dwarf-antelope' LH 489 (cf. Gez. ʕaṭro 'kind of antilope' LGZ 77). = Som. (loan <? >?)
Proto-Semitic: *(ʔi-)bar- 'ox, bull, calf'
Meaning: 'ox, bull, calf'
Akkadian: būru (pūru) 'young calf (without regard to sex; male calf just before full maturity'; foal, kid (the young of quadrupeds)' OB on [CAD b 340], [AHw 141], burtu (purtu) 'cow, heifer calf' OB on [CAD b 334], [AHw 141]
Ugaritic: cf. ibr 'caballo' + 'toro' /ʔa/ib(b)īru/ DLU, 5 ("de animal corpulento macho" does not follow from the contexts quoted) @
Hebrew: ʔabbīr 'bull' = 'strong, powerful' and 'stallion' HAL, 6. The only passage (the other , Jr. 46:15 is obscure) is Is 34:7 where nothing points to any strength@
Modern Arabic: Yem. bārah 'cow' [Piamenta 44]
Tigre: bara 'ox' [LH 274]
Amharic: bare 'ox, bull' [K 874] (or <*bʕr)
Harari: bāra 'ox, bull' [LH 44] (также baʔara [ibid. 39]) (or <*bʕr)
East Ethiopic: Wol. barä, Zwy. būrä 'ox (for farming)' [LGur. 150]
Gurage: Cha. Eža Muh. Msq. Gog. Sod. bora, Gye. bawra, End. bawrä, Enn. bawǝra 'ox (for farming)' [LGur. 150], Muh. bäre 'calves' [ibid. 149] (or <*bʕr)
Mehri: hǝ-bɛ̄r 'camels' [JM 41] (semantically doubtful)
Harsusi: ḥe-byār 'female camels' [JH 14] (semantically doubtful)
Notes: Cf. *bVʕVr-
Proto-Semitic: *ʔabbīr-:
Meaning: 'stallion; bull'
Ugaritic: cf. ibr 'caballo' + 'toro' /ʔa/ib(b)īru/ DLU, 5 ("de animal corpulento macho" does not follow from the contexts quoted; "por el ruido del relincho de sus caballos") @ Folk etymology?
Hebrew: ʔabbīr 'stallion' = 'bull' < 'strong, powerful' HAL, 6. Cf. in the Song of Deborah, where ʔ. is a syn. of sūsīm; Jr. 8:16 id. "from the noise of neighing of ʔ. the earth shakes"); Jr. 47:3 id. ("from the noise of stamping of ʔ."); Jr 50:11 ("and neighed as ʔ."). No traces of 'strength'. @ Folk etymology?
Proto-Semitic: *ṭaɣ-
Meaning: young bull
Arabic: ṭaɣɣ- 'taureau' [BK 2 85], [TA XXII 539], ṭaɣyā, ṭuɣyā 'vache sauvage' [BK 2 86], [Lane 1856-7], [LA XV 8] (baḳaratu l-waḥši; ʔaṣ-ṣaɣīru min baḳari-l-waḥši).
Geʕez (Ethiopian): ṭāʕǝwā 'suckling, fatted calf, young of flock, young animal (calf, heifer, lamb)' [LGz. 584].
Tigrai (Tigriñña): ṭāʕwā 'vitello di circa un anno' [Bass. 918].
Notes: The Arb. forms in -yā show a specific formal similarity to the Eth. terms. There is hardly any reason to suspect a borrowing because of the semantic and phonological (Eth. -w- vs. Arb. -y-) reasons.
Proto-Semitic: *mVrVʔ-
Meaning: bull
Akkadian: mīru 'young bull' SB [CAD m2 109], 'Zuchtstier' OB, SB [AHw. 658]; mīrtu 'cow' OB [CAD m2 109], 'Zuchtkuh' [AHw. 658]. While the masculine form is known mostly from lexical lists, the fem. parallel is known also from an OB economic text (UCP 10 78 No. 3:14: 1 sūt ana mīrti 'one seah for a cow').
Hebrew: mǝrī(ʔ) 'fatted steer' [KB 635]. Not quite reliable since the Hbr. form is unanimously regar- ded as derived from the verbal root mrʔ 'to be fat' in Hebrais- tic literature (v. [BDB 597], [KB 635]). This derivation, though not impossible, is not without obstactes: the verbal root mrʔ is virtually unattested in Hbr. whereas no Biblical passage expli- citly suggests that m. was a fat (or fatted) animal. Admittedly, the verb mrʔ (Hip.) 'to fatten' and the derived noun hamrāʔā are known form post-Biblical Hebrew ([Ja 842, 356]) as well as from Ugaritic (applied to oxen as well as other houshold animals, [DLU 288]). Interestingly enough, derivation from the widely used verbal root maru^ is not suggested for the Akk. terms in either [AHw.] or [CAD]. One wonders whether the meaning 'calf' attested for Akk. mūru is somehow connected with mīru.
Proto-Semitic: *yapan-
Meaning: young bull
Ugaritic: ypt 'vaca, becerra' [DLU 534]. Likely to be normalized as /yapattu/ < *yapan-t-. The only clear attestation is 1.10 III 3: ʔalp lbtlt ʕnt // wypt lybmt lʔim[m] 'a bull for the Virgin ʕnt // a cow for the Betrothed of the nations'.
Arabic: yafan- 'jeune taureau a^gé de quatre ans', yafanat- 'vache, vache pleine' [BK 2 1631], [Fr. IV 521], [LA XIII 457] (only yafan-). Cf. also fanāt- 'vache' [BK 2 640], [Fr. III 376], [Lane 2451], [LA XVI 166].
Geʕez (Ethiopian): tayfan (tafen, tefan) 'young bullock' [LGz. 582].
Tigrai (Tigriñña): täfin (täfänti) 'giovenco, bue non ancora domato' [Bass. 423].
Amharic: wäyfän 'young bullock, calf of 2-3 years' [K 1561].
Gurage: Muh. Msq. Gog. wäfen, Cha. Eža wäfer, Gyt. wä̃fēr, Enm. End. wä̃fīr, Enm. wämfīr, Sod. Wol. mofän, Sel. mōfän, Sod. mofen 'young bull, steer' [LGur. 645].
Notes: All Eth. forms exhibit prefixal elements tV-, mV-, wV- whose origin is not clear. Arb. fanāt- might reflect the oldest bicon- sonantal prototype of the present root. [LGz. 582]: Gez., Eth., Arb. (yafan-); [DLU 534]: Ugr., Arb.
Proto-Semitic: *yaʕal- ˜ ʕawāl- (?)
Meaning: 'mythological bull' 1, 'rhinoceros' 2, 'young of the elephant' 3
Akkadian: alu^ (elu^) 1 'bull (as a mythological being)' Bogh, SB, Akkadogr. in Hitt. CAD a1, 377
Syrian Aramaic: yaʕlā 2 'unicornus, rhinoceros' Br 305
Tigre: ʕǝwal 3 'young of the elephant' ("in der Poesie auch von anderen jungen Tieren gebraucht") [LH, 477], ʔäwal [ibid., apud Munz.] (hardly connected with *ʕVwVl- 'young of an animal' which is attested in Tgr as ʕǝlu 'young of the donkey' [LH 450]; <*ʔawāl- with a variant form in ʕ- through contamination with ʕǝlu) ?
Proto-Semitic: *ʕulgum- ˜˜ *lagaʕ-
Meaning: 'bull; calf'
Arabic: ʕulǯūm- 'taureau vieux' [BK 2 339]
Tigre: läga 'male calf (from it's first year until it is tamed), bullock' [LH 48] (likely <Beja)
Tigrai (Tigriñña): läggǝʕe 'to draw the first milk, to milk a cow', lägaʕ 'calf close to calving'
Proto-Semitic: *dawbal- ˜ *dabayl-
Meaning: 'billy goat, ram; bull; boar, (suckling) pig'
Arabic: dawbal- 'wild boar, suckling pig, fox, wolf'
Geʕez (Ethiopian): dābēlā 'billy goat, bull, male of any animal' LGz 120
Tigre: däbela 'ram'
Tigrai (Tigriñña): dibäla 'billy goat'
Amharic: dabela, däbäl 'billy goat'
Notes: Acc. to Leslau, the Eth forms are from Cush (Sa Af)
Тавр - означает бык на протосемитском языке -
Proto-Semitic: *t_awr-
- а минотавр?
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